Why do we sleep? What are feelings? How do we make decisions, and how do we learn from them? Psychology helps us ask and answer these big questions about ourselves, others, and the world around us. Psychology for Kids: The Science of the Mind and Behavior by Claire A. B. Freeland, PhD and Jacqueline B. Toner, PhD, introduces readers, ages middle grade and up, to the science of psychology. This lively and informative book offers chapters on the brain, personality, intelligence, emotions, social relationships, and more. Colorful illustrations of psychology’s big ideas and lots of hands-on experiments to try at home provide an engaging dive into the fascinating science of the mind. Enjoy this excerpt from the book. Chapter 5: What Makes Me “Me”? Who are you? Are you the kind of person who enjoys spending time on your own, or do you love being surrounded by friends? Are you a leader who likes to share your ideas, or do you hang back and scope out what others are saying? Of course, however you would answer those questions, it probably doesn’t describe you all of the time. But psychologists have studied the ways different people typically act and whether, knowing this, they can predict their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. These individual tendencies are called personality traits. One of the most famous of these psychologists was Raymond Cattell. He gathered data about a large group of people...Based on his findings he proposed 16 main personality traits that were different from one another and useful in predicting behavior. He developed a test called the 16PF (16 Personality Factors Test) that could be used to help determine a person’s personality traits.  Research by later psychologists suggested that Cattell’s 16 personality categories were still too many. In fact, most psychologists now focus on “the big five” basic personality traits. A person can be at one end or the other of each of these traits, or they can be somewhere in the middle.  Big Five Personality Traits  Curious about the world, ready to try new things, adventurous and creative.  Openness to new experiences Doesn’t like change, prefers things that are predictable.  Gets things done on time, planful, pays attention to detail.  Conscientiousness Dislikes schedules, forgets to do important things, disorganized. Outgoing, likes meeting new people, likes being the center of attention. Extroversion Enjoys time alone, finds it challenging to meet strangers, tends to be quiet. Cooperative, considerate, helpful.  Agreeableness  Not that interested in others, doesn’t care about other people’s problems or feelings. Moody, gets upset easily, anxious. Neuroticism Very relaxed and easy going, deals well with stress. As a trick to remember the “big five,” notice that the first letters of each word combine to spell “OCEAN”. Check Out the Research While personality traits influence how a person acts, it doesn’t mean that those behaviors happen all the time. Research psychologist William Fleeson was interested in what would happen if someone pretended to have different personality traits. He knew that extroverted people